ABSTRACT
While RNA folding was originally seen as a simple problem to solve, it has been shown that the promiscuous interactions of the nucleobases result in structural polymorphism, with several competing structures generally observed for non-coding RNA. This inherent complexity limits our understanding of these molecules from experiments alone, and computational methods are commonly used to study RNA. Here, we discuss three advanced sampling schemes, namely Hamiltonian-replica exchange molecular dynamics (MD), ratchet-and-pawl MD and discrete path sampling, as well as the HiRE-RNA coarse-graining scheme, and highlight how these approaches are complementary with reference to recent case studies. While all computational methods have their shortcomings, the plurality of simulation methods leads to a better understanding of experimental findings and can inform and guide experimental work on RNA polymorphism.Copyright ©
ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic novel ongoing-pandemic virus. It causes COVID-19. Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 biology, countermeasure, and its origin. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by high infectiousness and sever pathogenesis. COVID-19 crosses the bounders of all continents in a high spreading manner. Here, several aspects regarding the origin and the molecular structure of this novel virus as well as the production of effective vaccines have been addressed. This article illustrated that SARS-CoV-2 was not being recombined inside laboratory and it has a complicated genome that led to sophisticated pathogenesis. Additionally, an important structural protein known as spike S was demonstrated by researchers as an important protein used by the virus for host cell entry as well as for vaccine development. However, the efforts for viral diagnosis and genomic demonstration as well as vaccine production are promising to tackle COVID-19. These perspectives will help in COVID-19 control. However, further investigations are urgently needed to figure out which controlling tactic is more efficient not only in the case of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future pandemics.Copyright © Mohammed Hamzah Abdulkadhim Al-Saadi and Wisam Hindawi Hoidy.
ABSTRACT
The approval of mRNA vaccine technique against COVID-19 opens a door to research and the creation of new drugs against different infectious pathologies or even cancer, since for several diseases the therapeutic options are limited, and different viral diseases are treated only symptomatically. For these reasons, this study proposed a hypothesis supported by biological studies, that it provides a theoretical basis for the possible development of a drug that used the mRNA technique and the ribonucleolytic action of a ribonuclease for a possible antiviral therapy, and analyzed a future perspective of this technique in order to provide a bibliographic basis on this hypothesis and motivate researchers to carry out biological studies on this topic.Copyright © 2022, Health Biotechnology and Biopharma. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The unrelenting protraction of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), inflicted by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is tending to craft havoc all over the world for the past few months. Considering the looming repercussions due to this deadly virus worldwide, there is an impending necessity to comprehend this newfangled contagion. To develop an effective eradication measure and preventive strategy, knowledge about the virus structure, life cycle, and metabolism is imperative. Better insight into the virus life cycle helps us to identify and design drugs that can hit crucial targets of this dreadful virus. The close genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which triggered an outbreak in the year 2003, could be of great strategic importance in designing effective drug formulations. This will also help in the development of leveraging immunological measures to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. This eventually will help us to progress our strategies related to the virus. Not on the positive side, there is some misinformation going all around the world despite the strict regulations from the WHO and other government agencies to inform the citizens to abstain from the rumour-mongering regarding COVID-19. Further, evidence needs to be gathered on vaccine strategies to cure the patients suffering from COVID-19. This information will also help us in designing both drug inhibi-tors as well as prophylactic measures against SARS-CoV-2.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Considering the urgency of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, detection of new mutant strains and potential re-emergence of novel coronaviruses, repurposing of drugs such as ivermectin could be worthy of attention. This review article aims to discuss the probable mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 by summarizing the available literature over the years. A schematic of the key cellular and biomolecular interactions between ivermectin, host cell, and SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention of complications has been proposed.Copyright © 2022 Japan Antibiotics Research Association. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
In the 1930's the corona virus was first identified as a highly contagious chicken respiratory virus. Two human coronaviruses were later identified, the human coronavirus 229E causing the flu and secondly the human coronavirus OC43. Others are also important as SARS-CoV. In late 2019 the outbreak of Pneumonia occurred in the Chinese city of Wuhan which was investigated as a result of the corona virus, renamed as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO) and. now called as SARS-CoV-2. The WHO has identified the global health problem as an epidemic. Respiratory droplets produced during coughing and sneezing are the main means of transmission of COVID-19. Infection with COVID-19 in an infected person may remain undetected. Common symptoms of fever and dry cough are less common in the production of sputum, fatigue and in some cases may be dyspnoea or shortness of breath. The COVID-19 virus is a type of RNA virus, the outer envelope containing a lipid bilayer in which various proteins are synthesized such as membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S). Hand washing, coughing, social isolation, wearing a face mask in public, disinfection areas, and isolation are various ways to prevent the disease. The diagnosis of COVID-19 can be made on the basis of symptoms and confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. There are currently no antiretroviral drugs approved for COVID-19, only symptomatic and supportive treatment is used to treat people with this viral infection. Drugs that have been approved for the purpose of treating other viral infections are under investigation. Vaccination is an ultimate prevention and protection;few vaccines are given emergency approval and some are in progressive development phase in various countries to prevent this deadly pandemic.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 is a global epi-centric pandemic caused by Severe Acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) Respiratory Syndrome in the Hubei Province of China, which has infected 216 nations or territories. A virus is highly infectious and transmission of human aerosol. So far, over 10 million cases have been documented by the WHO worldwide, and there are no accusations available with a specific medicine or vaccine. Over 300 million individuals have previously inoculated. However, old clinically approved antiviral medications against COVID-19 have been repurpose to prevent and control the pandemic. The pandemic COVID-19 utilizes large-scale antiviral medicines (Nucleoside analogs and HIV protection inhibitors)and some possible antibiotics. Adjunct therapies include plasma therapy and immunomodulators. Currently, 3009 interventional research connected to COVID-19 has been register at ClinicalTrials.gov. We examined the present statistics on COVID-19, virus structure and its lifecycle, preventive, immunization, and treatment methods worldwide with its prospects based on published evidence.
ABSTRACT
Background: After the first case of COVID-19 being announced in China in December 2019, various diagnostic technologies have been developed at unprecedented pace with the aim of providing a basis for accurate clinical intervention. However, some assays including CRISPR-based diagnostics and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have been less explored. As new COVID-19 technologies emerge, there is need for them to be assessed, validated and improved upon. Moreover, there is paucity of data on the essential factors governing the selection of an appropriate diagnostic approach within the correct timeframe. Myths and origin of SARS-CoV-2 remain to be controversial. Consequently, this review aims at exploring the current COVID-19 diagnostic technologies, performance evaluation, principles, suitability, specificity, sensitivity, successes and challenges of the technologies for laboratory and bedside testing. Main Body: To date, there exist more publications on COVID-19 diagnostics as compared to the Zika virus. The SARS-CoV-2 virus genome profiles were readily available by 31st of December 2019. This was attributed to the fast-paced sharing of the epidemiological and diagnostics data of COVID-19. Timely profiling of the virus genome accelerated the development of diagnostic technologies. Furthermore, the rapid publication of studies that evaluated several diagnostic methods available provided baseline information on how the various technologies work and paved way for development of novel technologies. Conclusion: Up to date, RT-PCR is the most preferred as compared to the other assays. This is despite the repeated false negatives reported in many of the study findings. Considering that COVID-19 has caused devastating effects on the economy, healthcare systems, agriculture and culture, timely and accurate detection of the virus is paramount in the provision of targeted therapy hence reducing chances of drug resistance, increased treatment costs and morbidity. However, information on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 still remains elusive. Furthermore, knowledge and perception of the patients toward management of SARS-CoV-2 are also paramount to proper diagnosis and management of the pandemic. Future implications of the misperceptions are that they may lead to increased non-compliance to SARS-CoV-2-related World Health Organization (WHO) policies and guidelines.
ABSTRACT
Under the framework of quantum information processing, the processing procedures of existing quantum-derived image enhancement algorithms are summarized from the aspects of pixel grayscale normalization, pixel quantum state representation, quantum measurement, and measurement result mapping. Taking the SARS-CoV-2 new coronavirus electron microscope image enhancement as a sample, combined with experimental analysis, the weighting method of the quantum derived enhancement operator is improved, and a non-iterative determination operator for the optimized value of the adjustable parameter of the gray scale transformation is proposed. The experimental results show that the quantum-derived enhancement algorithm comprehensively considers the global and local information of the electron microscope image, takes into account the adjustment of the contrast and brightness of the electron microscope image, and enhances the image with clear details and appropriate brightness. © 2021, Acta Metrologica Sinica Press. All right reserved.